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Biological control is recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally put in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.5 Also in China, ducks were utilized in paddy fields to consume insects, as exemplified in ancient cave art. In 1762an Indian mynah was introduced to Mauritius to control locusts, and roughly the same time, citrus trees in Burma were connected by bamboos to allow ants to pass between them and help control caterpillars.
Biological pest control is a way of controlling pests like insects and mites by using different organisms.8 It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but normally also involves an active human management function. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the pest that are bred in the lab and introduced into the environment.
The released organism will strain and survive, and supply long-term control.9 Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. .
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For instance: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Israelensis, a bacterium that infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water resources.10
Mechanical pest control is the use of hands-on techniques in addition to simple equipment and devices, that offers a protective barrier between plants and insects. This is known as tillage and is one of the oldest methods of weed control in addition to being useful for pest control; wireworms, the larvae of the common click beetle, are extremely destructive pests of newly ploughed grassland, and perennial cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators that feed on them.11.
Crop rotation can help to control insects by depriving them of their host plants. It's a major strategy in the control of corn rootworm, and has reduced early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by as much as 95 percent.12
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A trap crop is a crop of a plant which attracts insects, diverting them from nearby crops.13 Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be easily controlled using pesticides or other methods.14 However, trap-cropping, on its own, has often neglected to price effectively reduce insect densities on large commercial scales, without the use of pesticides, possibly as a result of pests' ability to spread back into the main area.14.
Pesticides are applied to crops by agricultural aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed dressings to control insects. But successful control by pesticides is not easy; the ideal formulation must be chosen, the timing is often critical, the method of application is important, adequate coverage and retention on the crop are necessary.
This is particularly important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of pests and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and these co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the crops are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where progressive farmers are using fertilisers to develop enhanced crop varieties, these are often more susceptible to pest damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides may be detrimental in the news longer term.15.
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The efficacy of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. This is because any organism that manages to survive the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain will be developed. In this manner, a number of the most serious pests have developed resistance and are no longer killed by pesticides which used to kill their ancestors.
